Journal of Hand Therapy
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 19-29 , January 2005

Effects of hand shape on maximal isometric grip strength and its reliability in teenagers

  • Anita M. Clerke, BAppSc(OT)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence and reprint requests to Anita Clerke, Northside Hand and Upper Limb Clinic, P.O. Box 618, Albany Creek, Queensland, Australia 4035

References 

  1. Subirá ME, Malgosa A. Somatometric study of the hands. Int J Anthropol. 1988;3:329–338
  2. Kulaksiz G, Gozil R. The effect of hand preference on hand anthropometric measurements in healthy individuals. Ann Anat. 2002;184:257–265
  3. MacDermid JC, Fehr LB, Lindsay KC. The effect of physical factors on grip strength and dexterity. Br J Hand Ther. 2002;7:112–118
  4. Merkies ISJ, Schmitz PIM, Samijn JPA, Van Der Meché FGA, Toyka KV, Van Doorn PA. Assessing grip strength in healthy individuals and patients with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23:1393–1401
  5. Aghazadeh F, Lee K, Waikar A. Impact of anthropometric and personal variables on grip strength. J Hum Ergol. 1993;22:75–81
  6. Chatterjee S, Chowdhuri BJ. Comparison of grip strength and isometric endurance between the right and left hands of men and their relationship with age and other physical parameters. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1991;20:41–50
  7. Vaz M, Hunsberger S, Diffey B. Prediction equations for handgrip strength in healthy Indian male and female subjects encompassing a wide age range. Ann Hum Biol. 2002;29:131–141
  8. Bowman P, Laurie J, Chiapetta A, Mitchell A, Belusko E. The clinical impact of the presence or absence of the fifth finger flexor digitorum superficialis on grip strength. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:245–248
  9. Sartorio A, Lafortuna CL, Pogliaghi S, Trecate L. The impact of gender, body dimension and body composition on hand-grip strength in healthy children. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25:431–435
  10. Häger-Ross C, Rösblad B. Norms for grip strength in children aged 4-16 years. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91:617–625
  11. Bear-Lehman J, Kafko M, Mah L, Mosquera L, Reilly B. An exploratory look at hand strength and hand size among preschoolers. J Hand Ther. 2002;15:340–346
  12. Link L, Lukens S, Bush MA. Spherical grip strength in children 3 to 6 years of age. Am J Occup Ther. 1995;49:318–326
  13. Henneberg M, Brush G, Harrison GA. Growth of specific muscle strength between 6 and 18 years in contrasting socio-economic conditions. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2001;115:62–70
  14. Kreipe RE, Gewanter HL. Physical maturity screening for participation in sports. Pediatrics. 1985;75:1076–1080
  15. Hansen L, Bangsbo J, Twisk J, Klausen K. Development of muscle strength in relation to training level and testosterone in young male soccer players. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:1141–1147
  16. Mathiowetz V, Wiemer DM, Federman SM. Grip and pinch strength: norms for 6- to 19-year-olds. Am J Occup Ther. 1986;40:705–711
  17. De Smet L, Vercammen A. Grip strength in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;10:352–354
  18. Neu CM, Rauch F, Rittweger J, Manz F, Schoenau E. Influence of puberty on muscle development at the forearm. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283:E103–E107
  19. McGarvey S, Morrey BF, Askew LJ, An K. Reliability of isometric strength testing: Temporal factors and strength variation. Clin Orthop. 1984;185:301–305
  20. Pearson R, MacKinnon MJ, Meek AP, Myers DB, Palmer DG. Diurnal and sequential grip function in normal subjects and effects of temperature change and exercise of the forearm on grip function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in normal controls. Scan J Rheumatol. 1982;11:113–118
  21. Wright V. Some observations on diurnal variation of grip. Clin Sci. 1959;18:17–23
  22. Dunwoody L, Tittmar HG, McClean WS. Grip strength and intertrial rest. Percept Mot Skills. 1996;83:275–278
  23. Haward BM, Griffin MJ. Repeatability of grip strength and dexterity tests and the effects of age and gender. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2002;75:111–119
  24. Reddon JR, Stefanyk WO, Gill DM, Renney C. Hand dynamometer: effects of trials and sessions. Percept Mot Skills. 1985;61:1195–1198
  25. Greenleaf JE, Van Beaumont W, Convertino VA, Starr JC. Handgrip and general muscular strength and endurance during prolonged bed rest with isometric and isotonic leg exercise training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983;54:696–700
  26. Fong PWK, Ng GYF. Effect of wrist positioning on the repeatability and strength of power grip. Am J Occup Ther. 2001;55:212–216
  27. MacDermid JC, Richards RS, Roth JH. Distal radial fracture: a prospective outcome study of 275 patients. J Hand Ther. 2001;14:154–169
  28. Rikli R, Arnett B. Motor performance scores of volunteer versus randomly selected subjects. Res Q. 1978;49:329–334
  29. Robinson TN, Hammer LD, Killen JD, et al. Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls. Pediatrics. 1993;91:273–280
  30. Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971;9:97–113
  31. Amirsheybani H, Crecelius GM, Timothy NH, Pfeiffer M, Saggers GC, Manders EK. The natural history of the growth of the hand: 1. Hand area as a percentage of body surface area. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:726–733
  32. Abdel-Malek AK, Ahmed AM, el-Sharkawi SA, el-Hamid NA. Prediction of stature from hand measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 1990;46:181–187
  33. Firrell JC, Crain GM. Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip strength?. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1996;21:397–401
  34. Okunribido OO. A survey of hand anthropometry of female rural farm workers in Ibadan, Western Nigeria. Ergonomics. 2000;43:282–292
  35. Pheasant S. Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work. 2nd ed.. London: Taylor and Francis; 1996;
  36. Brand PW, Hollister AM. Clinical Mechanics of the Hand. 3rd ed.. St Louis: Mosby; 1999;
  37. Fess EE. A method for checking Jamar dynamometer calibration. J Hand Ther. 1987;1:28–32
  38. Fess EE. Grip strength. In:  Casanova JS editors. Clinical Assessment Recommendations. 2nd ed.. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992;
  39. Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1984;9:222–226
  40. Fullwood D. Australian norms for hand and finger strength of boys and girls aged 5-12 years. Aust Occup Ther J. 1986;33:26–36
  41. Heebol-Nielsen K. Muscle strength of boys and girls, 1981 compared to 1956. Scan J Sport Sci. 1982;4:37–43
  42. Rauch F, Neu CM, Wassmer G, et al. Muscle analysis by measurement of maximal isometric grip force: new reference data and clinical applications in pediatrics. Pediatr Res. 2002;51:505–510
  43. Ruiz-Ruiz J, Mesa JLM, Gutiérrez A, Castillo MJ. Hand size influences optimal grip span in women but not in men. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2002;27:897–901
  44. Crosby CA, Wehbe MA. Hand strength normative values. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1994;19:665–670
  45. Winer BJ, Brown DR, Michels KM. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991;
  46. Bird K, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Isaac A. PSY: a program for contrast analysis. Available at http://www.psy.unsw.edu.au/research/PSY.htm. Accessed February 5, 2004.
  47. Rey JM, Plapp JM, Stewart G, Richards I, Bashir M. Reliability of the psychosocial axes of DSM-III in an adolescent population. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:228–234
  48. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1993;
  49. McClure PW. Determining the significance of significance: p-values, effect size, and clinical judgment. J Hand Ther. 1999;12:40–41
  50. Stratford PW, Goldsmith CH. Use of the standard error as a reliability index of interest: An applied example using elbow flexor strength data. Phys Ther. 1997;77:745–750
  51. Reeves SL, Varakamin C, Henry CJ. The relationship between arm-span measurement and height with special reference to gender and ethnicity. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:398–400
  52. Guaran RL, Wein P, Sheedy M, Walstab J, Beischer NA. Update of growth percentiles for infants born in an Australian population. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;34:39–50
  53. Freedman DS, Kettel KL, Serdula MK, Srivasan SR, Berenson GS. Secular trends in height among children during 2 decades: the Bogalusa heart study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:155–161
  54. Clerke AM, Clerke JP. A literature review of the effect of handedness on isometric grip strength differences of the left and right hands. Am J Occup Ther. 2001;55:206–211
  55. Provins KA, Milner AD, Kerr P. Asymmetry of manual preference and performance. Percept Mot Skills. 1982;54:179–194
  56. Newman DG, Pearn J, Barnes A, Young CM, Kehoe M, Newman J. Norms for hand grip strength. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:453–459
  57. Bäckman E, Johansson V, Hager B, Sjoblom P, Henriksson KG. Isometric muscle strength and muscle endurance in normal persons aged between 17 and 70 years. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:109–117
  58. Davies BN, Greenwood EJ, Jones SR. Gender difference in the relationship of performance in the handgrip and standing long jump tests to lean limb volume in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1988;58:315–320
  59. Stephens JL, Pratt N, Michlovitz S. The reliability and validity of the Tekdyne hand dynamometer: Part 2. J Hand Ther. 1996;9:18–26
  60. Bohannon RW. Hand grip dynamometers issues relevant to application. J Hum Muscle Perform. 1991;1:16–36
  61. Smith RO, Benge MW. Pinch and grasp strength: standardization of terminology and protocol. Am J Occup Ther. 1985;39:531–535

 Jonathan Clerke is a director of Australasian Medical & Therapeutic Instruments P/L, Australian distributor for JTech Medical, a division of Zevex International, suppliers of the GripTrack™. JTech has not provided monetary support for this research or input regarding this article.

PII: S0894-1130(04)00272-8

doi: 10.1197/j.jht.2004.10.007

Journal of Hand Therapy
Volume 18, Issue 1 , Pages 19-29 , January 2005